How to benchmark tidypolars

Several blog posts and GitHub repos try to benchmark packages for dataframe manipulation (data.table, dplyr, duckplyr, etc.). When it comes to benchmarking tidypolars, I have seen several implementation mistakes that make the results quite unreliable. This is not to say that tidypolars will always be faster than alternatives. In fact, there is rarely one tool that is better than all the others in all aspects of dataframe manipulation. The goal of this vignette is to give some advice on how best to benchmark tidypolars.

Summary: instead of this code:

my_function <- function(dat) {
  my_polars_data <- as_polars_df(dat)
  my_polars_data |>
    <some slow operation>
}

bench::mark(
  my_function(my_r_data_frame)
)

use this code:

my_polars_data <- as_polars_lf(my_r_data_frame)

my_function <- function(dat) {
  my_polars_data |>
    <some slow operation> |>
    compute() # or compute(engine = "streaming")
}

bench::mark(
  my_function(my_polars_data)
)

Do not include as_polars_df() or as_polars_lf() in the timing

Some benchmarks do something like the following:

my_function <- function(dat) {
  dat <- as_polars_df(dat)
  dat |>
    <some slow operation>
}

bench::mark(
  my_function(my_r_data_frame)
)

The issue with this approach is that as_polars_df() converts the R data.frame to a Polars DataFrame, which takes some time. As highlighted in the “Getting started” vignette, as_polars_df() and as_polars_lf() are convenience functions for demo and testing purposes. The recommended way to use tidypolars is by using the dedicated readers (scan_parquet_polars(), read_parquet_polars(), etc.) to import the data directly as a Polars DataFrame or LazyFrame.

Using as_polars_df() and as_polars_lf() is fine to get the data ready to be benchmarked, but those operations should not be included in the timing.

Use lazy execution when possible

Polars provides DataFrames and LazyFrames. Operations on DataFrames are executed in “eager mode”, meaning that there is no optimization happening behind the scenes, for instance to efficiently reorder operations. In real-life workflows, it is strongly recommended to use LazyFrames since they allow for a large number of optimizations.

In benchmarks or demos, you should therefore prefer as_polars_lf() over as_polars_df(). Using LazyFrames means that you also need to collect results to trigger computation. This can be done using compute() (to return a Polars DataFrame), collect() (to return an R data.frame), or as_tibble() (to return a tibble).

Depending on the objective of the benchmark, each of the three options can be valid. compute() is faster because it avoids the extra step of converting a Polars DataFrame to R. However, the output of compute() cannot be passed directly to ggplot2, for example.

In summary, instead of doing:

my_polars_data <- as_polars_df(my_r_data_frame)

my_function <- function(dat) {
  my_polars_data |>
    <some slow operation>
}

bench::mark(
  my_function(my_polars_data)
)

you should do:

my_polars_data <- as_polars_lf(my_r_data_frame) # Use as_polars_lf()

my_function <- function(dat) {
  my_polars_data |>
    <some slow operation> |>
    compute() # Or collect() or as_tibble()
}

bench::mark(
  my_function(my_polars_data)
)

Use streaming mode when possible

In addition to lazy execution, Polars comes with a streaming engine that is able to perform operations on larger-than-RAM data. It is also faster than the default engine in many cases, not just with larger-than-RAM data.

Note: at the time of writing (August 2025), the streaming engine is not yet used by default, but it should become the default in the next few months.

Using it is extremely simple: pass engine = "streaming" in compute(), collect() or as_tibble().

Do not try to run tidypolars in parallel

Some benchmarks take advantage of tools such as future or mirai to run code in parallel. However, tidypolars shouldn’t be used with such tools. All polars code that is used internally is already optimized to run on all cores and isn’t guaranteed to play well with other parallel frameworks.

In some cases, you may want to use those frameworks on Polars objects, but this should be the exception rather than the rule.